考研英语一完形填空笔记 2019-07-22 笔记 暂无评论 871 次阅读 完形填空技巧来自 [何威威](https://weibo.com/p/1005052714286253/home) 老师的完形填空强化班 ------ # 从原文出发 ## **一、找主题词** > In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial **experiments** at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting 1 workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior. > > The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 5 of the **experiments**, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers’ behavior 10 itself. > > After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne **experiments** has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. > > It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the **experiments** may be have let to 14 interpretation of what happed. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down. **主题词：** 1. 文章主旨的核心。 2. 多数段落中**反复出现**的词。*（多数题干中反复出现的词）* ## 二、语法细节 ### 1. 从句：名词性从句、定语从句 👉考连词用法 **名词性从句（主从、宾从、表从、同位从）:** | **名词性从句的语气** | **连词** | | -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ | | 陈述句 | that | | 一般疑问句 | whether(主从,表从,同位从) / if(宾从) | | 特殊疑问句 | who / whom / whosewhat / whichwhen / where / why / how | **定语从句：** | **先行词** | **连词** | | ---------- | ------------------------------------------------ | | reason | why | | 其他 | who / whom / whosewhat / whichwhen / where / how | ### 2. 虚拟语气：👉有虚拟就选if，没虚拟就不选if 如果原文中没有 would / should / could / might ，就排除掉 if 选项。 | **虚拟语气的情态动词** | | ---------------------- | | would | | should | | could | | might | ### 3. 比较级：👉有比较级就选 than，没比较级就不选than 如果原文中没有 比较级 ，就排除掉 than 选项。 ### 4. 时态 > One of the federal government’s studies 9 that the number of the homeless **will** reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. > > 9.[A]predicts 预测 [B]displays 显示 [C]proves 证明 [D]discovers 发现 > > **will** 将会 —— 未发生 > > [A] 预测 —— 未发生 ## 三、指代词 要明确指代对象（每篇文章都能用到） > It may involve not only his *parents and his friends*, 1 *those* of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. > > 1.[A] by way of 经过 [B] on behalf of 代表 **[C]** as well as 和(相当于and) [D] with regard to 关于 > > **those** 指代前面的 **parents and his friends。** ## 四、词语复现 ### 1. 原词复现 主题词是原词复现的极端案例，可以**跨段落**提供信息。 > The government is to ban **payments to witnesses** by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West. > > In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making **payments to witnesses** 34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins. > > 34.[A] illogical 不合逻辑 **[B]** illegal 非法 [C] improbable 不可能 [D] improper 不正当 > > **禁止 payments to witnesses → payments to witnesses 非法** ### 2. 同义复现 > 4 , why do we *trust* at all? Well, because *it* **feels good**. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 **pleasurable feelings** and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. > > 6. A. selects 选择 **B. produces 产生** C. applies 应用 D. maintains 保持 > > **感觉好 → 产生 愉快的感觉** ### 3. 反义复现 反义词复现有标配答案： “转折、让步、比对” 。（也就是 however , but , although , unlike ...） > 4 , why do we *trust* at all? Well, because *it* feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. > > 5. A. Until （时间） B. Unless （条件） C. Although （让步） **D.** When （时间，条件） > > 都是从属连词，都是在句内找条件**。** 5 引导的是从句，后面的就是主句，再后面是oxytocin的同位语。主句和从句里**没有反义复现**，就**不选Although**。 ### 4. 上下义词复现 上义词是对事物的概括性、抽象性说明；下义词是事物的具体表现形式或更为具体的说明。 上下义词复现有标配答案： - for example = for instance 例如 - 通常以插入语的形式出现，其后有逗号，在本句和上一句话之间找上下义词复现或抽象到具体的复现。 - such as 例如 , like 像 - 通常作同位语，其后没有符号，在本句之内找上下义词复现或抽象到具体的复现。 - consider 考虑到 - 通常出现在祈使句（没有主语，直接是动词）中，在本句和上一句话之间找上下义词复现或抽象到具体的复现。 > Research on **animal** intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the **fruit-fly** experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times. > > 1. [A] Suppose **[B]** Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine > > **动物animal**是上义词，**果蝇fruit-fly**是下义词。 [注意] 上义词是论点，下义词是论据。 > **Among the children** who had not been tricked, **the majority** were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19 , only **five of the 30 children** paired with the “ 20 ”tester participated in a follow-up activity. > > 19. **[A]** In contrast （反义复现） [B] As a result （因果） [C] On the whole 整体而言 [D] For instance 例如 > > **大部分孩子the majority**，**小部分孩子****five of the 30 children** 是反义复现，不是上下义词复现。 ## 五、逻辑关系 ### 1. 并列：and , or 句内、句间，前后同义，既原词复现、同义词复现。 ### 2. 转折、让步、比对 句内、句间，前后反义词复现。 ### 3. 递进 前后同义，有新事物的加入。 ### 4. 强调 前后同义，没有新事物的加入。 > The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 . > > 1. **[A]**Indeed 的确(强调) [B]Likewise 相似的(类比) [C]Therefore 因此(因果) [D]Furthermore 而且(递进) > > 无家可归的人占了美国越来越多的人口。_____ ，无家可归的人达到了如此高的比例 > > 前后讲的是一件事，不是因果，没有新事物加入。是强调。 ### 5. 类比 不同事物具有相同特征。 ### 6. 因果 前后呈因果关系（根据语义判断）。 ### 7. 例举 前后有上下义词或抽象到具体的复现。 ------ # 从选项出发 ## 一、动词 1. 不及物动词：由主语决定 2. 及物动词：由主语和宾语决定 ### 二、名词 1. 由同位语（从句）、定语（从句）决定。 ### 三、形容词 1. 由被修饰的名词的性质决定。（形容词作定语） 2. 由主语的性质决定。（形容词作标语） ### 四、副词 1. 由逻辑关系决定。 ### 五、连词 1. 并列连词：由逻辑关系决定 2. 从属连词： 1. 名词性从句，定语从句→由语法决定 2. 状语从句→由句内逻辑决定 ### 六、介词 1. 介词本身的用法 2. 固定搭配 3. 逻辑关系 ### 七、短语 1. 由逻辑关系决定 ------ # 做题的思维 1. 词语复现 2. 指代词 3. 逻辑 ------ # 常考的单词 ## as 1. 介词，“作为” 2. 作为连词： 1. 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰整个主句：“正如” 2. 引导时间状语从句：“随着” 3. 引导方式状语从句：“按照” 4. 引导原因状语从句：“因为” 5. 引导让步状语从句：“虽然 / 尽管……但是”*（以相应的 v. / adj. / n. / adv. 开头）(原文中有**反义复现)*** 6. 引导比较状语从句：“…和…一样…” ## inferior 1. 在……之下 2. 比……差 3. A be inferior to B ，固定搭配，是to而不是than。 ### superior 1. 在……之上 2. 比……好 3. A be superior to B ，固定搭配，是to而不是than。 ## **while** 1. 作为连词： 1. 引导时间状语从句：“当……时候” 2. 引导让步状语从句：“虽然……但是” *（主句和从句互为反义）* 3. 引导比对状语从句：“然而” *（主句和从句互为反义）* ### whereas 1. 连词，引导比对状语从句：“然而”*（主句和从句互为反义）* 2. 选项中，while和whereas同时出现，原文中有**反义复现**，选while。 ## average 1. 形容词：平均的 average weight 2. 名词：平均，平均数 。on the average 平均而言 3. 形容词：**普通的**。average reader , average guy 4. 名词：**普通**，**平庸** ## chance 1. 名词：机会 2. 名词：**可能性。**by chance 碰巧 # 补充 ### ended __ doing 1. ended up doing 最终成为…… 暗含结果让人意想不到 2. ended with doing 以……结束、告终 暗含结果在意料之中 标签: 英语 本作品采用 知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0 国际许可协议 进行许可。
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